On 4 December 1942, dramatic events took place in the small villages of Pantalowice and Hadle Szklarskie in the Podkarpacie region. Acting on the basis of Hans Frank’s 1941 decree,…

Exactly 156 years ago, on 5th December 1867, Józef Piłsudski was born in the estate manor of Zułów in Lithuania. He was an exile, socialist, marshal, and above all co-founder…

On 1 December 1918, just a few weeks after Poland regained its independence, the red-and-white chequered flag became the official symbol of Polish military aviation. Why was this particular symbol…

Eugenia Wąsowska-Leszczyńska, a pre-war social activist, was one of the many women who provided assistance to Jews in Warsaw as part of the Żegota Council to Aid Jews. To date,…

At the end of November 1941, the months-long siege of Tobruk, a city in eastern Libya, came to an end. For more than seven months the Germans and Italians had…

For nearly three hundred years, Kamieniec Podolski ( today’s Kamianets Podilskiy) and its fortress protected the south-eastern borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The fortress gained fame not only as the…

Commonly known, the main insignia of royal power is the crown, the material symbol of sovereignty and indivisibility of the kingdom. The first rite during the coronation of the kings…

On 22 November 1827, Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher, historian of literature and theatre, long-time director of the Jagiellonian Library, called “the most outstanding bibliographer in the world”, was born in…

Before the war, about 100 people lived in the village of Stawki, including only two Jewish families. The Hondrys lived in unison with one of them in one house and…

On 22 November 1920, for the first time in Polish history, the Order of Virtuti Militari was awarded to an entire city rather than to an individual. Lwów was thus…