{"id":5868,"date":"2022-02-01T13:39:14","date_gmt":"2022-02-01T12:39:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dignitynews.eu\/?p=5868"},"modified":"2022-02-01T13:39:14","modified_gmt":"2022-02-01T12:39:14","slug":"zydzi-na-wsi-w-xviii-wieku-co-o-nich-wiemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dignitynews.eu\/pl\/zydzi-na-wsi-w-xviii-wieku-co-o-nich-wiemy\/","title":{"rendered":"\u017bydzi na wsi w XVIII wieku \u2013 co o nich wiemy?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dzi\u015b przeci\u0119tny Polak kojarzy ludno\u015b\u0107 \u017cydowsk\u0105 ze spo\u0142eczno\u015bci\u0105 typowo miejsk\u0105. Wizerunek drobnego handlarza i rzemie\u015blnika pojawia si\u0119 na wielu mi\u0119dzywojennych fotografiach. Widzimy \u017byd\u00f3w, jak stoj\u0105 na tle swoich sklepik\u00f3w, cz\u0119sto w rynku ma\u0142ego miasteczka zwanego z jidysz szetlem. Postaci te kojarzymy tak\u017ce z domokr\u0105\u017cnym i obwo\u017anym handlem po wsiach. W polskiej XIX-wiecznej literaturze co rusz przewija\u0142y si\u0119 takie postaci, np. Szymszel z \u201eNocy i dni\u201d Marii D\u0105browskiej, kt\u00f3ry przyje\u017cd\u017ca\u0142 do Serbinowa\u00a0 po \u201eszmaty, p\u0142aty, kurze \u0142apy\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Mniej wiemy o \u017bydach na sta\u0142e mieszkaj\u0105cych na polskich wsiach. W drugiej po\u0142owie XVIII wieku, jak szacuj\u0105 badacze, 1\/3 lub 1\/4 starozakonnych, jak ich w\u00f3wczas nazywano, \u017cy\u0142a na obszarze wiejskim. Najwi\u0119kszy ich odsetek wyst\u0119powa\u0142 na Mazowszu i na Podolu \u2013 odpowiednio 40% i ponad 30 %. Inne wybijaj\u0105ce si\u0119 pod tym wzgl\u0119dem tereny to: Podlasie i Ru\u015b. Generalnie daje si\u0119 zauwa\u017cy\u0107 pewna prawid\u0142owo\u015b\u0107 \u2013 im dalej na wsch\u00f3d, tym \u017cydowskich osadnik\u00f3w we wsiach by\u0142o wi\u0119cej. Liczba ich wzrasta\u0142a te\u017c tam, gdzie ludno\u015b\u0107 \u017cy\u0142a z gospodarki typowo folwarcznej.<\/p>\n<p>Rolnictwo rzadko stanowi\u0142o ich zaj\u0119cie. Opr\u00f3cz handlu i rzemios\u0142a, zajmowali si\u0119 przede wszystkim dzier\u017caw\u0105 ziemi, tj. arend\u0105 m\u0142y\u0144sk\u0105 i karczemn\u0105. Dwie wspomniane jako pierwsze profesje (posesorzy i arendarze) by\u0142y dochodowe. Ni\u017cszy status reprezentowali karczmarze.<\/p>\n<p>W wielu regionach I Rzeczypospolitej wyst\u0119powa\u0142 przymus propinacyjny. Polega\u0142 on na konieczno\u015bci zaopatrywania si\u0119 w trunki wyprodukowane przez konkretny dw\u00f3r. Korzystanie z \u201ecudzej\u201d karczmy by\u0142o traktowane jako jedno z powa\u017cniejszych przest\u0119pstw, za kt\u00f3re grozi\u0142a kara. Karczmarze sk\u0142adali nawet przysi\u0119gi maj\u0105ce na celu ograniczenie utraty dochod\u00f3w dwor\u00f3w lub ksi\u0119\u017cy pleban\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Ludno\u015b\u0107 \u017cydowska zamieszka\u0142a w osadach nale\u017ca\u0142a do kaha\u0142\u00f3w (gmin \u017cydowskich). Na Mazowszu jednym z najpot\u0119\u017cniejszych by\u0142 kaha\u0142 w W\u0119growie, pod kt\u00f3rego podlega\u0142o a\u017c 21 takich wsi. Z nich czasami wyodr\u0119bnia\u0142y si\u0119 przykaha\u0142ki (filia wsp\u00f3lnoty macierzystej), np. w Ostowi Mazowieckiej, kt\u00f3ry mia\u0142 piecz\u0119 nad 23 osadami wiejskimi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dzi\u015b przeci\u0119tny Polak kojarzy ludno\u015b\u0107 \u017cydowsk\u0105 ze spo\u0142eczno\u015bci\u0105 typowo miejsk\u0105. Wizerunek drobnego handlarza i rzemie\u015blnika pojawia si\u0119 na wielu mi\u0119dzywojennych fotografiach. Widzimy \u017byd\u00f3w, jak stoj\u0105 na tle swoich sklepik\u00f3w, cz\u0119sto&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5869,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u017bydzi na wsi w XVIII wieku \u2013 co o nich wiemy? - Godno\u015b\u0107 - DignityNews.eu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dignitynews.eu\/pl\/zydzi-na-wsi-w-xviii-wieku-co-o-nich-wiemy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u017bydzi na wsi w XVIII wieku \u2013 co o nich wiemy? - Godno\u015b\u0107 - DignityNews.eu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dzi\u015b przeci\u0119tny Polak kojarzy ludno\u015b\u0107 \u017cydowsk\u0105 ze spo\u0142eczno\u015bci\u0105 typowo miejsk\u0105. 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