{"id":42759,"date":"2023-03-09T08:04:11","date_gmt":"2023-03-09T07:04:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dignitynews.eu\/?p=42759"},"modified":"2023-03-09T09:05:36","modified_gmt":"2023-03-09T08:05:36","slug":"liberum-veto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dignitynews.eu\/pl\/liberum-veto\/","title":{"rendered":"Liberum veto\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>W 1652 r. pose\u0142 W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sici\u0144ski doprowadzi\u0142 do pierwszego zerwania obrad sejmu w Polsce. Cho\u0107 ka\u017cdy z pos\u0142\u00f3w mia\u0142 prawo do liberum veto, to do tego czasu nie korzystano z tej zasady ustrojowej. W p\u00f3\u017aniejszym okresie jej stosowanie sta\u0142o si\u0119\u00a0 nagminn\u0105 praktyk\u0105, co doprowadzi\u0142o do rozk\u0142adu polskiego parlamentaryzmu, a w konsekwencji do upadku kraju w II po\u0142owie XVIII wieku.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> W ko\u0144c\u00f3wce XV wieku w Polsce dosz\u0142o do wykszta\u0142cenia ustroju demokracji szlacheckiej, kt\u00f3ra okres \u015bwietno\u015bci prze\u017cywa\u0142a w nast\u0119pnym stuleciu. Jej kluczowym elementem by\u0142 system parlamentarny. Polski sejm sk\u0142ada\u0142 si\u0119 z\u00a0 izby poselskiej (przedstawiciele szlachty wybierani na sejmikach ziemskich) oraz senatu (najwa\u017cniejsi urz\u0119dnicy oraz wy\u017csze duchowie\u0144stwo). Sejm zwyk\u0142y zwo\u0142ywany by\u0142 raz na dwa lata i jego obrady trwa\u0142y sze\u015b\u0107 tygodni. Do jego kompetencji nale\u017ca\u0142o uchwalanie podatk\u00f3w, ustalanie liczebno\u015bci wojska, podejmowanie decyzji o wojnie i pokoju. Uchwa\u0142y sejmu by\u0142y podejmowane jednomy\u015blnie i nosi\u0142y nazw\u0119 konstytucji sejmowych. W przypadkach nadzwyczajnych kr\u00f3l mia\u0142 prawo zwo\u0142a\u0107 sejm tzw. ekstraordynaryjny, kt\u00f3ry obradowa\u0142 przez dwa tygodnie. Monarcha m\u00f3g\u0142 go jednak zebra\u0107 tylko w sprawach podatkowych i wojskowych.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">W trakcie obrad sejmu w 1652 r., za czas\u00f3w panowania kr\u00f3la Jana Kazimierza dosz\u0142o do sytuacji, kt\u00f3ra przyczyni\u0142a si\u0119 w znacz\u0105cy spos\u00f3b do anarchizacji \u017cycia politycznego w Polsce. Z uwagi na ko\u0144cz\u0105cy si\u0119 okres sze\u015bciotygodniowej pracy parlamentu zaproponowano jej przed\u0142u\u017cenie o kolejne dni. Nie wyrazi\u0142 na to zgody jeden z pos\u0142\u00f3w W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sici\u0144ski, po czym opu\u015bci\u0142 miejsce obrad. W efekcie sejm zako\u0144czy\u0142 si\u0119 bez podj\u0119cia jakichkolwiek uchwa\u0142. Da\u0142o to pocz\u0105tek \u201eLiberum veto\u201d, czyli w praktyce prawa do zerwania obrad sejmu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zasada ta w p\u00f3\u017aniejszym okresie by\u0142a coraz cz\u0119\u015bciej stosowana przez pos\u0142\u00f3w. W p\u00f3\u017aniejszych latach s\u0105siednie pa\u0144stwa, zw\u0142aszcza Rosja i Prusy, op\u0142aca\u0142y przedstawicieli szlachty, by ci w odpowiednim momencie zrywali obrady sejmu. W ten spos\u00f3b udawa\u0142o si\u0119 obu mocarstwom skutecznie ingerowa\u0107 w wewn\u0119trzne sprawy polskie. Za czas\u00f3w kr\u00f3la Augusta III Sasa (1733-1763) zerwane zosta\u0142y prawie wszystkie sejmy, poza koronacyjnym.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ca\u0142kowicie liberum veto zosta\u0142o zniesione przez <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dignitynews.eu\/pl\/konstytucja-3-maja\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Konstytucj\u0119 3 Maja<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Wprowadzi\u0142a ona na sta\u0142e zasad\u0119 wi\u0119kszo\u015bciow\u0105.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>W 1652 r. pose\u0142 W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sici\u0144ski doprowadzi\u0142 do pierwszego zerwania obrad sejmu w Polsce. Cho\u0107 ka\u017cdy z pos\u0142\u00f3w mia\u0142 prawo do liberum veto, to do tego czasu nie korzystano z&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":42760,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Liberum veto\u00a0 - Godno\u015b\u0107 - DignityNews.eu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dignitynews.eu\/pl\/liberum-veto\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Liberum veto\u00a0 - Godno\u015b\u0107 - DignityNews.eu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"W 1652 r. pose\u0142 W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sici\u0144ski doprowadzi\u0142 do pierwszego zerwania obrad sejmu w Polsce. 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