However, this opinion was somewhat unfair. Of course, the rhythm of life in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a was regulated by the factories\u2019 whistles, but bookstores were established in the city, which at that time also served as reading rooms, libraries, printing houses, and a theater. With time, the rich bourgeoisie of Lodz, i.e. mainly Jewish and German families, began to run social salons, which also had a culture-creating function.<\/p>\n
The Jewish population played a vital role in the cultural development of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a. The owner of the first bookstore in Lodz, established in 1848, when the city had already 15,000 inhabitants, was Jankiel Gutsztadt from P\u0142ock. Until 1914, there were a total of 54 bookstores run by Jews in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a. They sold and provided books in Polish, German, Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew.<\/p>\n
The history of the \u0141\u00f3d\u017a theater is a bit different. The inhabitants of German origin made the greatest contribution to its development. The first permanent German stage was established as early as 1867, the Polish theater started operating in 1888, while the Jewish theater was active only at the beginning of the 20th century. Nevertheless, performances with Jewish actors took place as early as the 1860s. Moreover, in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a it was customary to move the performances to 9 p.m. so that they could also be watched by the Jewish bourgeoisie, who was considered to be passionate about acting and who finished their work late. In addition to plays on various topics, the theaters, for example, the theater belonging to Fryderyk Sellin, organized concerts. The ensembles performed synagogue songs as well as Haydn, Haendel and other works that today are classified as classical music.<\/p>\n
At the end of the 19th century, Jewish painters and sculptors began to perform in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, including the most famous of all – Samuel Hirszenberg (1865-1908). He developed his talent thanks to the patronage of doctor Maksymilan Kohn and some of the richest factory owners in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a – the Pozna\u0144skis and the Silbersteins.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Called the\u00a0Promised Land\u00a0or the\u00a0Polish Manchester\u00a0in the second half of the 19th\u00a0century,\u00a0\u0141\u00f3d\u017a was generally considered to be a city that did not fulfil the cultural functions of urban life. Even in…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9144,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9150","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history"],"yoast_head":"\n